时间状语从句
when
一般来说,when的意思相当于 at that time, 因此从句的谓语动词通常是短暂动词,表示某一时刻的动作。不过,when引导的从句也可接延续动词,这时从句往往用过去进行时态,表示某一时间段内发生的动作。
- 主句一般过去时 + 从句一般过去时
I started my dinner when he left
- 主句一般过去时 + 从句过去完成时
I started my dinner when he had left
他走了之后,我才开始吃晚饭 (两者差别不大)
一般过去时与过去进行时搭配
此时的时态搭配与没有关系,而只与动作的长短有关系。短暂动作用一般过去时,延续动作用过去进行时。这一时态配套使用所表示的意义是:在一个延续背景动作的过程中突然发生了一个短暂动作。
- 主句一般过去时 + 从句过去进行时
The doorbell rang when I was elephoning 门铃响的时候,我正在打电话 (不可以加 suddenly)
- 主句过去进行时 + 从句一般过去时
I was elephoning when (suddenly) the doorbell rang. 我当时正在打电话,突然门铃响了 (加 suddenly)
- 主将从现
I’ll speak to him when he arrives.
while
while 通常接延续动词
until
- until 既可以作介词也可以做连词,所有until的后面可以接名词短语也可以接时间从句
- until 前面的谓语必须是延续性的,后面的谓语须是短暂性动词或时间点
Wait until he comes back (until 作连词,引导时间状语从句)
I will be away from my office until next Tuesday (untul 作介词,后面接时间点)
He didn’t leave the office until his boss came back. (若主句的谓语动词是短暂动词,则要用否定形式)
表示一 …… 就的结构
从句动作先于主句动作
as soon as, once , the minute , the moment, the instant, immediately, directly 和 instantly 等等。
We will leave as soon as it stops raining
若表示过去的动作,则主句和从句都用一般过去时
It began to rain as soon as I arrived home
主句动作先于从句动作
hardly… when, scarcely… when, no sooner… than, 主句多用过去完成时,且常倒装从句用一般过去时。可以与 as soon as 等从句、主句互换。
No sooner had I arrived home than it began to rain. == It began to rain as soon as I arrived home.
地点状语从句
where + 陈述句
Stay where you are.
原因状语从句
because, for, as 和 since
- because 的语气最强,只有它才能用来回答why 的问句, 所映出的原因往往是听话人所不知道的或最感兴趣的;也只有 because 才能被强调词如 only, just, 和 perhaps等来修饰
Perhaps because most of today’s cross-cultural marriages occur because of “true love” , these couples work hard to overcome their differences
- since 表示人们已知的事实,是不需要强调的原因,常翻译为“既然”,通常放在句首,
Since we don’t have class tomorrow, why not go out for a picnic?
- 连词as 与 since的用法差不多, 所引出的理由在说话人看来已经很明显了,或已为听话人所熟悉而不需用because 加以强调。
As Monday is a national holiday , all government offices will be closed
- 连词for 表示推断的理由,是对前面分句的内容加以解释或说明
It rained last night, for the ground is wet this morning
- as 和 for 引导的主从句处于平衡位置
- because 引导的从句显得比主句重要,强调原因
- since 引导的从句显得次要,而主句重要,以说明将要做什么事
用介词表示因果关系
because of, due to 和 owing to.因为是介词,所以其后面不能接从句
We had an accident because he was careless.
We had an accident due to his carelessness
目的状语从句
so that, in order that , that .另外,在目的状语从句中常含有情态动词,比如may/ might 或 can / could
I turned off the TV in order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet
目的状语从句一般位于主句之后。如果要强调目的状语从句, 可将so that 或 in order that 引导的从句置于句首
In order that my roommate could study in peace and quiet. I turned off the TV
结果状语从句
so…that, such … that , 结果状语从句都要放在主句之后, 而不能放在句首
- 一、so … that
- 接形容词 I was so late that I didn’t have time to get on it
- 接副词 so consistently that
- 二、such … that 接名词
- He is such a good teacher that everyone likes him
- He is so good a teacher that everyone likes him
为了强调,还可以将主句中的 so 或 such 引导的部分 倒装
So severe was the storm that the pilot couldn’t fly through it. == The storm was so severe that the pilot couldn’t fly thought it.
Such a fool was he that he believed her. == He was such a fool that he believed her.
So fast does light travel that it is difficult for us to imagine its speed.
条件状语从句
此处为真实条件语句,而不是“虚拟语气”
if 如果 / unless 除非
If winter caomes, can spring be far behind?
其他条件状语从句的连词
suppose (that) / supposing (that) / providing / provided (that) / so long as/ as long as/ on condition that
A man is not old as long as he is seeking something. A man is not old until regrets take the place of dreams.
让步状语
though, although, even though, even if ,此时,主句前不可用but, 但可以用yet 或 still
Although he tried hard, (yet / still) he failed
表示让步转折关系的介词: despite, in spite of, for all
- Though he was inexperienced, he did a very good job.
- In spite of his inexperience, he did a very good job.
- In spite of his being inexperienced, he did a very good job.
介词后面除了接名词短语外,还可以接 what 引导的名词从句。
Despite what he achieved in medicine, he remained modest.
Though tired, he wouldn’t stop working.
这是一个省略的状语从句,原句相当于 Though he was tired, he wouldn’t stop working.
介词后面可以接名词,名词短语, 动名词, 或 what 引导的从句;连词后面可以接完整的陈述句、形容词(相当于省略句)、分词(相当于省略句)等。
- while 位于句首(让步转折),一般意为“尽管”,引导让步状语从句
- as 引导的倒装句表示让步
adj, adv, 分词,名词(无冠词),短语 + as + 主语 + 谓语动词
Young as he is, he is knowledgeable
Oldest in our workshop as he is, he works hardest (注意:最高级前不加The)
Praised as he was, he remained modest.
尽管as 可以替换为 that 或 though, 尽管较少这样使用。不可以用although
比较状语从句
- 一、 as + 形容词或副词 + as
The work is not as difficult as you think
- 二、 as + 形容词 + a(n) + 可数名词单数 + as
Americans tend to think from small to large. Let us take as simple an example as the addressing of envelopes.
- 三、 在否定句中第一个as 可用 so 代替
This room is not so large as the one we saw yesterday
- 四、为了保持句子平衡,从句还可以用倒装结构
as … as + 助动词 + 主语
Small as it is, the ant is as much a creature as are all other animals on the earth
连词 than
同类事物才能比较
He is taller than I (am).
在有than 的比较句子里,主句中必须有比较级形式出现
为了保持句子平衡,从句还可以用全部或部分倒装
此时的结构是:than + 助动词 + 主语
The surface conditions on the planet Mars are more like the Earth’s than are those of any other planet in the solar system.
表示倍数
- “倍数 + 比较级” A is three times bigger than B
- “倍数 + as … as” A is three times as bigger as B
- “倍数 + 名词” A is three times the size of B
There are only half as many fisheries as there were 15 years ago.
Americans eat twice as much protein as they actually need every day
the more …, the more…
- 正确使用该句型的核心:比较级部分都须在各自引导的分句中充当一定的成分。
- 从结构上来看,这个句型的前半部分时从句,后半部分是主句,即“the + 比较级(从句), the + 比较级(主句)”, 这就是为什么前半句常用一般现在时态,而后半句常用一般将来时态。
- 翻译成汉语时,一般时按前后正常的语序,先译从句,后译主句。
The more we help others, the more we receive in return. We advance ourselves as we help others
Friends are lights in winter: the older the friend, the brighter the light.
方式状语
as, like, as if, as though 和 the way 等。
Do it the way you were taught.
Love like you’ve never been hurt.