虚拟语气两类
- 与事实相反的假想的情形,通常由if 引导,“非真实条件句”,或叫虚拟条件句
- 另一个是 名词从句中使用虚拟语气,表示建议、命令或要求等语气,这是一个完全不同于非真实条件句的虚拟的结构形式。
两类
- 假设条件句:表示说话者的一种主观愿望或态度,实现的可能性不大或极低(较主观)
- 事实相反句:表示与现在或过去的某个事实相反的情形
三时
- 将来时间:假设条件句
- 现在时间:假设条件句, 事实相反句
- 过去时间:事实相反句
虚拟的时间 | 主句的谓语形式 | IF 从句的谓语形式 |
---|---|---|
将来 | would(could, might) + do | were to do / should do |
现在 | would (could, might) + do | did 或 were |
过去 | would (could, might) + have done | had done 或had been |
- 第一,是否虚拟
- 第二,何时虚拟
- 第三,主句虚拟
- 第四,从句虚拟
将来虚拟 (表示将来不大可能)
what do you think would be the value of the necklace, if I were to sell it?
if it were to rain, I would stay home.
if it rains, I will stay home.
现在虚拟
主句谓语采用 would + 动词原形,从句谓语采用过去式;若从句谓语是be 动词,就多用were 而较少用was
If I became President, I would…
过去虚拟
If you had invited Wealth or Success, the other two of us would’ve stayed out.
混合虚拟(主句现在 + 从句过去)
If you had married him, you would be the wife of a gas station attendant instead if the wife of a chief executive officer
混合虚拟(主句过去+ 从句现在)
If I didn’t love her, I wouldn’t have married her
倒装虚拟
具体来说,当if 引导的条件句省去 if 时,可将 should, had 或 were 至于句首,从而构成倒装虚拟句,而意思不变。
- Should I win the lottery, I would buy a car = If I should win the lottery , I would buy a car
- Were he to leave today, he would get there by Monday = If he were to leave today, he would get there by Monday
跳层虚拟
He must have heard her initial instructions or he would not have known where to take her
“must + have done”的结构是表示对过去的推测, or 后面的句子相当于一个虚拟主句,所以其谓语自然要采用虚拟主句的谓语形式
陈述句 + or + 虚拟句 (两者之间常常有but, or, or lese 或 otherwise 来连接)
陈述句 + or + 虚拟句
- 主句 + 一般现在时的谓语形式,or + 主语 + would do ====== 表示对现在事实的虚拟
- 主句 + 一般过去时的谓语形式,or + 主语 + would have done == 表示对过去事实的虚拟
虚拟主句 + but + 陈述句
- 主句 + would do , BUT + 主语 + 一般现在时的谓语形式 ===== 表示对现在事实的虚拟
- 主句 + would have done, BUT + 主语 + 一般过去时的谓语形式 =表示对过去事实的虚拟
He would put on weight, but he doesn’t eat much
= He would out on weight if he ate much.
有时不用but 来表示转折,而是用其他副词, unfortunately(adv.)
A safety analysis would have identified the target as a potential danger. Unfortunately, it was never done
名词从句如何使用虚拟
虚拟语气除了用在上述非真实条件从句以外,在特定的名词从句中也需要用虚拟语气。这里所说的“特定的名词从句”,是指这样的名词从句中均要含有特定的标志词,这些标志词可用来表示愿望、建议、命令、请求或意志等语气。而且,与非真实条件虚拟句中的主句和从句的谓语动词的形式完全不同的是,名词从句虚拟句的谓语变化的形式只有一条规律,那就是:名词从句虚拟句无论其主句的谓语动词时何种形式,从句的谓语形式均为should + 动词原形,其中 should 可以省去。特别提醒:不是用would,而是用should
- I suggest that we should go tomorrow
- I suggested that we should go tomorrow.
在下列宾语从句中
ask, advise, beg, command, demand, decide, deserve, desire, determine, insist, move(动议,提议), order, prefer, propose, require, recommend, request, suggest 和 urge
His father urged that he study medicine
在 It is + 形容词或过去分词或特定的名词 + that 的主语从句中
一、形容词有:
astonishing, amazing, advisable, appropriate m crucial, desirable, essential, important, imperative, keen, necessary, natural, normal, odd, proper, preferable, strange, sorry, shocked, shocked, surprising, urgent, unusual 和 viral等. 这些形容词一般表示个人对事件的反应
It is strange that he should not come here.
It is quite natural that the customs of all national minorities be respected.
二、过去分词有:
decided, desired, demanded, ordered, requested, required, recommended 和 suggested 等。
It is requested that all members be present at the meeting.
三、特定名词有:
advice, decision, desire, demand, suggestion, motion, pray, resolution, wish, preference, proposal, recommendation, requirement, idea 和 order
It is my proposal that he be sent to study further abroad
在上述名词的表语从句和同位语从句中
advice, decision, desire, demand, suggestion, motion, pray, resolution, wish, preference, proposal, recommendation, requirement, idea 和 order
The motion that the meeting be adjourned was adopted.
最后需要说明的是,以上所列的标志词仅是一部分比较常见的,还有的需要以后自己积累。
各种虚拟句型
在wish 后面的宾语从句中
- 对现在的虚拟 (表示现状的愿望,从句的谓语动词用过去式)
I wish I were a little younger
- 对过去的虚拟 (对过去发生的事情表示遗憾或后悔,had done 或 would/could + 现在完成时)
I wish I had been there
I wish I could have gone with you to the concert last night - 对将来的虚拟(指对将来发生的事情表示祝愿,从句的谓语动词用“would / could + 动词原形”)
I wish he could explain what he means
注意,即使将wish改为 wished, 上述例句谓语的时态仍然不变。
在 if only 感叹句中
if only 表示“但愿,” “要是……就好了”,其用法和wish 基本相同,可表示对现在、过去和将来的虚拟,只是比wish具有很好强烈的感情色彩。
- If only the rain would stop (将来)
- If only I were taller (现在)
- If only he had followed your advice (过去)
注意:可以吧only 放到句中的位置
If he had only followed your advice
在as if / as though 引导的从句中
- 表示与现在事实相反或对现在情况有所怀疑,谓语用过去时
I really don’t care for the way you’re speaking to me. It seems as if you were my father
- 表示与过去事实相反,谓语用过去完成时
We have not seen each other for ten solid years, but when we encountered on the street that day, we were still so affectionate that it seemed as if not a single day had gone by.
注意,若从句中的情形是根据现在的迹象作出推测,则有可能发生,则用陈述语气。
It is becoming dark. It looks as if it’s going to rain
在 It is (high) time (that) 从句中
该句型表示“该是做什么事的时候了”, 含有“晚一点”的意思, 从句中用过去时,
Don’t dawdle away your youth any more. It is time you thought about your future
It seems to be high time that this argument were put to an end.
在would rather, would (just) as soon, would sooner, would prefer 等从句中
would rather do sth
would rather 的后面接动词原形,可以表示将来或现在的事件,意指“主语宁愿自己做某事”。这是would rather 最常见的用法
I would rather go there tomorrow
如果要和另外一件事情来比较,这时要用than 来引出另外的事情
He would rather stay at home than go to the cinema tonight.
注意: 对该句型的否定,要在动词的前面加not ,而不是would 的后面加not
He would rather not stay at home tonight
He would not rather stay at home tonight (*)
would rather have done sth
这是would rather 后面接动词完成式的用法,表示过去的事件,意指“主语宁愿自己过去做了某事,但实际上没有做”,因此,具有过去虚拟的一位,如同过去虚拟条件主句的谓语形式。
I took Sally to the cinema last night, but I would rather have been there alone
would rather sb. did
这是would rather 后面接从句的用法,意指“主语宁愿让另一个人做某事。这里从句的谓语用一般过去式,但表示的事现在或将来的事件,如同现在虚拟条件从句的谓语形式”
Don’t come tomorrow . I’d rather you came next weekend
would rather sb. had done
这是would rather 后面接从句的用法,意指“主语宁愿别人过去做了某事, 但实际上没有做”。这里从句的谓语用过去完成时表示过去的事件,如同过去虚拟条件从句的谓语形式。
For my ninth birthday, my father gave me a set of the World Book Encyclopedia. But I would rather he had given me a set of transformers.
其他结构,如would (just) as soon, would sooner 和 would prefer 在接从句时,完全如同would rather 的虚拟用法
I’d just as soon you didn’t speak rudely to her.