辅元连读
xxxx辅音 元音xxxx
put it on >>> pu ti ton // 在这里 t 一般读d
in an hour >>> i na nhour
特殊辅音
/r/
I’m looking for a book. // /fɔr rə/
moreover
for example
a pair of shoes
/l/
A lot of people are saying // /pipl lar/
all of us
in the middle of
/ŋ/
I’m thinking about it. /θɪŋkiŋ ŋəbaʊ/
添加连读 (元+元)
xxxx元音 (w)/(j) 元音xxxx
a e i -> 尾音都是 /i/ -> /j/
o u -> 尾音都是 /u/ -> /w/弱化 读半个音就行 (volume)
he and I >>> /hi (j)ə nai/
you and I >>> /ju (w)ə nai/
Please bring me a book/ >>> /mi(j)ə/
不明显的添加连读 (单词内部)
doing >>> /du(w)iŋ/
going | playing
fire >>> /fai(j)ər/
hire | wire | higher
mile >>> /mai(j)əl/
aisle
另一种添加连读
- /n/ + /s/ = /n ts/ (“次”送气) (可用可不用)
since >>> /sin ts/
e.g. once instead answer expensive
- /n/ + /z/ = /n dz/ (“子”轻声, 不送气)
plans >>> /plæn dz/
means twins
补充
动词 名词 + s 的读音
部分清辅音 + s = /s/ | 部分浊辅音或元音 + s = /z/ | |
---|---|---|
/t, k, p, f, θ/ + s = /s/ | /d, g, b, v, ð, m, n, ŋ, l, r 以及元音/ + s = /z/ | /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ/ + s = /iz/ (口语中/iz/又是会弱读成/əz/) |
Cats, likes | Kids, bees | Dishes, boxes |
动词 + ed 的读音
清辅音 + ed = /t/ | 浊辅音或元音 + ed = /d/ | |
---|---|---|
/k, p, f, θ, s, ʃ, tʃ/ + ed = /d/ | /d, g, b, v, ð, m, n, ŋ, l, r, ʒ, tʃ, dʒ 以及元音/ + ed = /d/ | /t, d/ + ed = /id/ (口语中 /id/ 的 d 吞音变成 /i’/) |
Talked, stopped | Played, cleaned | Wanted, started |
连读(略读) Geminates (辅+辅)
省略相同(或同组的)辅音
规则: /t d/ /p b/ /k g/ 每组中的2个放在一起,省略前面,直接发后面的一个
一. XXX/t/ /d/XXX
- t t | Try not to think of it.
- d d | Give me 3 hundred dollars
- t d | Please sit down
- d t | Have a good time
二. XXX/p/ /b/XXX
- p p | speak up please
- p b | step back
- b b | I got my job back
- b p | This is my job partner
三. XXX/k/ /g/XXX
- k k | trick question
- g g | big garden
- k g | Thank god
- g k | big cats
规则: 其他完全相同的两个辅音,省略前面,直接发后面一个
e.g XXX/m/ /m/XXX
m m | steal it from me
!!!只能单方面省略的(浊+清)
规则: 除了以上几组例子,其他同组的音标。一般是同一个发音位置的浊辅音在前,清辅音在后,才能省略前面一个
e.g. XXX/v/ /f/XXX
- v f | ha
vefun - z s | I wa
sstuck - ð θ | can you smoo
ththings over? - ʃ ʒ | 没想到合适例子
/tʃ/ /dʒ/ 虽然为同组音标, 但是不能省略
- tʃ tʃ | teach children
- dʒ dʒ | orange juice
- tʃ dʒ | peach juice
- dʒ tʃ | college children
特殊略读 nt+元音,省略t (非重读音节)
advantage
Don’t even do that!
吞音 Geminates (辅+辅)
6个辅音作出口型 但不发生
- 一般针对 /t, d/ /k, g/ /p, b/ 这6个辅音
- 吞音并不是省略!只是做出了口型动作后,不发出声音,感觉这个发音被吞掉了。但一定要保持这个音的动作和时值
- 如果用标记书写,会用一撇来表示吞音
例如:that car /ðæ’ kar/
t 吞音 that car
t 吞音 that boy
t 吞音 that fly
t 省略 that target
t 省略 that dog
其他同理:
Good boy (吞音)
Kick the car (省略)
总结
- 略读。所有一样的2个辅音在一起都可以略读。比如/m m/ /v /等
- 直接略读之后 /t d k g p b/ 这三组兄弟是双向的
- 其他兄弟是单方向的,当满足 浊+清 的顺序后
- /tʃ/ /dʒ/ 这对是不能省略的
- 吞音。针对 /t, d/ /k, g/ /p, b/ 这六个中的任意一个,如果不是碰到自己或自己的”兄弟”。就是吞音
- 比如 /t/, 只有遇到后面是 /t/ 或 /d/, 才会直接省略,不然就是吞音。
- 比如 /d/, 只有遇到后面是 /t/ 或 /d/, 才会直接省略,不然就是吞音。
- 比如 /p/, 只有遇到后面是 /p/ 或 /b/, 才会直接省略,不然就是吞音。
- 比如 /b/, 只有遇到后面是 /p/ 或 /b/, 才会直接省略,不然就是吞音。
- 比如 /k/, 只有遇到后面是 /k/ 或 /g/, 才会直接省略,不然就是吞音。
- 比如 /g/, 只有遇到后面是 /k/ 或 /g/, 才会直接省略,不然就是吞音。
吞音 Glottal stop 喉音停顿 /‘ən/
written /rI’ən/
为什么老外的important感觉不发 /t/
以written为例,先发汉语/啊‘喔/, 然后逐步替换,先是/啊’ən/,然后是/rI’ən/
举例:适用于 /tən/ /tIn/
- important /ɪm’pɔr’ənt/
- written /rI’ən/
- mountain /ˈmaʊ’ən/
- captain /cæ’’ən/
- get in the car
- /gɛ dIn/
- /gɛ’In/
略读 H-dropping (/h/ 不发音)
这里只是挑选常见的 (he, her, him, his ,had, has, have)
He- What does he do?
/dʌz~~h~~i/
- Did he have lunch?
/dId~~h~~i/
- What does he do?
His- We had a party in his house
/In~~h~~Iz/
- Take his letter with you
/teik~~h~~Iz/
- We had a party in his house
Him (日常弱读成 /əm/)- Give him 5 bucks
/gIv~~h~~Im/ 或 /əm/
- Don’t tell him that…
/tɛl l~~h~~Im/ 或 /əm/
- Give him 5 bucks
Her- I wanna make her breakfast
/meik~~h~~ər/
- I had dinner with her.
/wIð~~h~~ər/
- I wanna make her breakfast
略读 G-dropping
以doing为例,ing 可以发成 /iŋ/ 或者可以把g音省略,变成/In’/, doin’
如何连读? (以doing it 举例)
- /iŋ/的/ŋ/连在后面元音上,/du(w)iŋ ŋit/
- /in/的/n/连载后面的元音上。/du(w)I nIt/
What’s going on? | /gou(w)I nan/
He’s going into the house. | /gou(w)I nIntə/ | /gou(w)I nInə/
变音 Fusion
/j/ /w/ 也是两个半元音
辅音 + /j/
- /t/ + /ju/ = /tʃu/
- What about you
- look at you
- /d/ + /ju/ = /dʒu/
- Would you…
- Could you…
- I told you…
- /k/ + /ju/ = /kju/
- rock you
辅音 + /w/ (非变音 理解成快速连读)
- likewise
- work with you
- sleep with my dog
弱读 缩写 其他
一、弱读 (更轻更快)
Can的弱读 /kən/
Can
/kən/
he ride a bike? Yes, he can/kæn/
I can/kən/
play basketball. / I can’t/kæn/
play basketball
have 的弱读
- 无实际意义
- How long have you been liveing here?
/həv/
- How long have you been liveing here?
- 有实际意义
- Do you have an apple? Yes. I have.
/hæv/
- Do you have an apple? Yes. I have.
The、than的弱读
The car ðə
The others ði
后面跟了元音
Better than you ðən
常见的/ə/的弱读 (不穷尽)
Receive | believe | notice | and | can | but | to | of | was | Do you | does he |
/rə/ | /bə/ | /də/ | /ən/ | /cən/ | /bə’/ | /tə/ | /əv/ | /wəz/ | /də jə/ | /dəzi/ |
常见的/ər/的弱读 (不穷尽)
存在常见的 (单元音+r)
are | for | or | were |
/ər/ | /fər/ | /ər/ | /wər/ |
二、缩写
wanna gonna gotta ain’t
- wanna
/wʌnə/
= want to - gonna
/gʌnə/
= going to (I’m going to) //aim gʌnə/
或/ʌmənə/
- gotta
/gʌdə/
= have got to - ain’t = am not / aren’t / isn’t / haven’t / hasn’t (不规范)
wanna gonna gotta ain’t
I’m | he’s | she’s | you’re | they’re | I’ll | he’ll | we’ll | you’ll | they’ll |
/ʌm/ | /hiz/ | /ʃiz/ | /juə(r)/ | /ðeiə(r)/ | /ail/ | /hil/ | /wil/ | /jəl/ | /ðeil/ |
have has had would 的各种缩写情况
- They have = They’ve
/ðei (j)əv/ 通常会弱读成 /ðeiv/
- I wouldn’t have …
/wʊdənəv/
- He would have = He’d’ve (不规范)
/hidəv/
- They would have = They’d’ve (不规范)
/ðei dəv/
- They have a = They’ve‘a (不规范)
/ðei (j)ivə/
/ðei və/
三、其他零碎知识点(不穷尽)
/s/ 音后面的清辅音浊化(flap)
- 浊化: speak, stop, sport (清辅音后面是元音)
- 不浊化: disclose (清辅音/k/后面是辅音)
like him / like them 怎么区分
看上下文
wanted to 的读法
/wʌntId tə/ 或 /wʌnI tə/
4
- kind of | kinda
- sort of | sorta
- a lot of | lotta
- could of | coulda
- would of | woulda
- should of | shoulda
不同发音方式
What are you doing?
/wʌtʃʌ do(w)In’/